Notes on History of Dhammapada Essay

According to Wikipedia, Dhammapada is the most famous book of the Tipitakas. It is also the book that has been translated into English and other languages more times than any other book in Buddhist literature. According to Ven. K Sri Dhammananda (1988), the founder of Sudharma Buddhist Institute, Dhammapada (literally meaning The Words of Truth or The Path of Noble Truth) consists of 423 verses in Pali uttered by the Buddha on some 305 occasions for the benefit of a wide range of human beings. These sayings were selected and compiled into one book as being worthy of special note on account of their beauty and relevance for molding the lives of future generations of Buddhists. It is also surprising that according to Britannica Encyclopedia, Dhammapada is accepted both in Theravada Buddhism and in Mahayana Buddhism although there is a difference in the number of verses in the two versions. However, according to Encarta Encyclopedia, the most translated version is that of Theravada. The history of Dhammapada is also not so different in both branches of Buddhism. The Lord Buddha historically had to go round the northern India and Nepal preaching his Dhamma, meeting many people. According to the prescribed text book (Module no. A -Ya 2004) of the second year university students specializing Oriental Studies in Myanmar ), the Lord Buddha preached his Dhamma ( guides and sermons for the cessation of all the sufferings) both in the form of speech called â€Å"cunniya† and occasionally in poetically versed form called â€Å"gatha†. According to Ohn Myint , Daw (2004), the verses uttered by the Lord Buddha had been compiled by 500 Buddhist Senior Arahants in Rajaghyo, India, in the First Dhamma Council (Pathama Sangayana) in 483 BC. Venerable Buddhagosa, the most famous commentary author in Theravada Buddhism, wrote the commentary of Dhammapada named Dhammapada Atthakatha in Sri Lanka. In his commentary book, Ven. Buddha Gosa, studying thoroughly from the elderly monks and old canons, noted the historical backgrounds of the verses in Pali Language. In this book, he told the story of each verses including whom theses verses were uttered by Buddha for, where, how, when and why these verses were uttered by Lord Buddha and so on. According to Subhodha Lankara, a famous Buddhist Literary Guide throughout the history of Buddhism, the verses in Dhammapada and Buddhist Literature are composed and uttered by systematic rules of rhythm, rhyme and meter. Moreover, Thanissaro Bhikkhu (1997) writes as follows: â€Å"As the Buddha himself is quoted as saying, ‘Meter is the structural framework of verses. According to Goinka S. N, the founder of Vissapana Research Institute in India, verses in Dhammapada were just orally handed down at first before the fourth Dhamma Council held in Tambapai [Sri Lanka] in 29 B. C in which all of the Buddhist Scriptures were recorded on written forms on palm leaves. According to the Commentary of Dhammapada by Ven Buddhagosa, these verses are intentionally uttered in accordance with the listeners’ background knowledge, their social backgrounds, and the situations in order to enlighten their mind. As soon as the Lord uttered the verses, Ananda, the chosen attendant and constant companion of the Buddha during the last twenty-five years of his life. memorized it and handed down again to the other monks and people. According to Mahaparinibana Sutta in the first book of Suttanna Pitaka named Mahavagga, after the Lord passed into the nirvana ( His death), the senior Buddhist monks met together and held the First Buddhist Council in order to preserve the holy teachings of the Lord Buddha. In the council, all of the Buddha’s teachings were divided into three parts. According to Goenka, S,N (1999), the founder of Vipassana Research Institute in India , the first part is known as the Vinaya Pitaka and it contains all the rules which Buddha laid down for monks and nuns.. The second part is called the Suttanna Pitaka and it contains the Discourses. The third part is known as the Abhidhamma Pitaka and comprises the psycho-ethical teachings of the Buddha. The first pitaka is Suttanna pitaka and it is divided into five parts according to the length and form of the discourses. The poetical verses that the Lord uttered were compiled into a book named Dhammapada. Dhammapada is included in the first part of Suttanna Pitaka named Khuddhakanikaya ( Short Discourses). According to Daw Ohn Myint, Professor of the Department of Oriental Studies, Yangon University of Distance Education ( 2004), throughout the history of Buddhism, Dhammapada has been studied and memorized by Buddhist monks. Even nowadays in Sri Lanka, the novices who want to be transformed into monkhood have to memorize all the verses in Dhammapada as a compulsory skill.

A Good Life Does Not Have to Be Complex.

Arsh Atwal A Good Life does not have to be Complex April 6/2013 A good life is defined differently for everyone. Our parents, friends, and the media all comprise a vision that we see as the best way of experiencing our lives. Hen determining what is a good life, there are many evident things that come to mind that would be a part of a good life for everyone. Having an active healthy existence, feeling safe and secure in your life, and being happy are the most likely answers to the question of a good life. Health is an essential part to a good life, as is morals and beliefs.A good life is defined by how people interpret the term happiness. Most peoples lives are based on their morals and beliefs. People believe money is the root of all evil, allowing things of lesser value make them feel they are living the good life. An example of this would be when people purchase an apartment and being just as content as if they would have gotten a big spacious house. However, some also believe wea lth is needed to effectively live a good life when you are seeking happiness through things that make you individually well off.An example of this would be buying the newest car rather than a cheaper car. Pursuing happiness through morals can sometimes be dreadful. Happiness can be found in daily life. However, as peoples living standard rises, many people don’t content simple life, they always will want more. Having happiness does not mean how wonderful the house you live in is. While people are looking for something that they think can make them happy, their life becomes too complex. People will never be happy for what they have now.Although material things can make life more interesting, they will not make you feel the real happiness and have good life. Being simple everyday is what makes people happy. A happy family is a healthy and loving family. Having support of each other during good and bad times, is very important because it relives stress. Less stress means better health. Loving your family brings and keeps happiness inside the home. No support or love in a family leads to meaningless household, this can divide family members into not caring.Keeping family close by eating meals and going on trips together makes a great loving family, which is part of a good life. A good life is not a specific way of life for every person. For each person, the meaning of a good life is different. Whatever way of life a person is comfortable and happy with counts as a good life for that person. It is hard to say that only one way of life is a good way of life because each person prefers different things and wants different things

Boardman Management Analysis and PRF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Boardman Management Analysis and PRF - Essay Example ion has been made, the introduction of communication technology has to be viewed as an occasion in the life of an organization that affects the processing of information by knowledge workers. With the implementation of new processing systems, an external parameter has been introduced within the organization that changes the creation and manipulation of information. The fundamental question arising is concerned with the relationship between this external parameter and the agents – knowledge workers – of the organization. Boardman Management should take into account its current system and future goals connected with business expansion and future development. As new technology is introduced, knowledge workers have to make media choices that translate into alternative ways of processing information. These media choices are made in the context of having to achieve an expected level of individual performance. In these circumstances, knowledge workers appropriate the technology according to their needs and given organizational norms. Although top management may have a specific output in mind, the invested new software technology is adopted by organizational members who make the eventual decision regarding the use of the technology. The underlying idea is that new software technology is created and changed by human action, yet it is also used by people to accomplish organizational aims. Knowledge workers may, for example, decide to use group support systems for the purpose of generating ideas, yet refuse t o use these for overcoming conflicts (Laudon and Laudon 2005). Boardman Management should take into account current problems and skills deficiencies, routine work and complexity of organizational structure. This means that workers are limited in their full range of media choices. Furthermore, political processes within organizations demand the negotiation of appropriate media choices. These negotiation processes adhere to established social patterns that have

Fire Service Pro Qual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fire Service Pro Qual - Essay Example However, the systems main emphasis is on the procedures used to administer examinations. In doing this, the system ensures that the participating institutions and entities act in accordance with IFSAC’s laid down procedures and policy framework aimed at improving the quality of the certification programs (IFSAC). It is important to point out that IFSAC’s role is to give accreditation to institutions and programs that provide certification to individuals. In effect, this implies that IFSAC role is not to accredit fire departments. Like IFSAC, the Pro Board was established in 1990 with the responsibility of accrediting organizations that followed the professional qualifications standards provided by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). In this case, the system’s primary responsibility is to accredit organizations that provided certification to career and voluntary firefighters in public fire departments. Nonetheless, it is crucial to note that the Pro Board also considers other organizations with fire protection interests. Certified individuals from Pro Board’s accredited entities meet the rigorous national standards measurements measured against their peers. In addition, the accreditation enhances the credibility of an organization, which helps the organization secure more funds during budget time (The Pro Board). The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), provides various certifications to ensure that fire professionals acquired the requisite ability, which requires knowledge and skills, in order to remain competent in their line of duty. One such certification is on professional qualifications for fire inspectors. In order to achieve this certification, fire inspectors should have the knowledge, skills, and ability required to perform their roles. First, a fire inspector should have the ability to prepare inspection reports that are clear and concise according to the codes and standards. In

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 38

Questions - Assignment Example However, the decision is in contrary to the philosophy of evolutionary marketing. This is because, the reason for short in the enrollment as earlier forecasted was not analyzed, thus decision to increase sales agents does not fulfill the concept of evolutionary marketing. The mission of the organization is just similar to almost all business organizations, which is quality service. In this case, it is quality invasive surgical service that the management aims to offer to the community. The service cannot market itself, as the management thinks. The quality should be marketed to the clients for them to understand the value attached to it. First, certain ailments that are preventable will be identified, and employees who prevent themselves from those diseases will be granted bonuses or reward. Secondly, the contribution for the employees from the employer will be invested for profit creation. Employees will be allowed to apply for a loan and repay at a lower interest rate. To compete aggressively with the other plans, the two approaches will create a market share for the

Business Law - Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Business Law - Questions - Assignment Example The defendant informed the service provider that he was in no need of his services any longer and even rejected to compensate on 11th May. The service provider sued the defendant for breach of contract on 22nd May and the starting date of the contract was due on 1st June. The court ruled the decision in favouring the claimant as the defendant has breached the contract (Andrews, 2011, p.486). In case of tort law, a person is held responsible or is held accountable if he fails to exercise the duty of care in his operations. This means that a person is said to be tort liable if he has failed to rectify any foreseeable errors in his/her offerings. For example: In Willsher v Essex Area Health Authority case, an inexperienced doctor gave extra oxygen to a baby that was born prematurely, due to this, the baby lost one of his eye, the court held the doctor liable because the inexperienced doctor had to operate with same amount of care as an experienced doctor (Tuitt, 2004, p.44). In tort cas es, negligence holds great importance, if an individual wants to press charges against another individual, he should be able to prove that the individual was involved in conducting negligence. To succeed in a case of negligence, the person making the claim has to prove the defendant had a duty of care towards the person making the claim. ... Lastly, the person making the claim has to prove that due to the defendant’s negligence towards duty of care, the claimant experienced a loss. The claimant can only win the case only if he is able to prove that the loss was experienced due to defendant’s breach of duty and the loss could have been avoided if the defendant would have taken necessary actions. For example, in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson, Stevenson being the defendant was held responsible because of his negligence to carry out the duty of care, the person who made the claim, Mrs Donoghue, experienced health issues after drinking bottle of beer manufactured by the defendant and the decision even stated that the manufacturers duty is towards the ultimate consumer, thus, the ultimate consumer experienced loss and the manufacturer was considered responsible (Cooke, 2001, p.35). A business or an individual is said to be vicariously liable if he/she has a relationship according to law with the person or busi ness that has acted negligently and has caused harm. Such kinds of legal relationships include: relationship between and worker and the employer. Negligence included in vicarious liability is referred to as imputed negligence, one theory of liability pertaining to this kind of negligence is respondent superior, according to respondent superior employer is held responsible or liable for the acts of his/her employee as there is a relationship between the worker and the employer of agent and principle. This relationship refers to the relationship that states that an employee is acting on behalf of the employer and the employer will be held responsible if the employee

How Can Payless Company Increase Profits While Ensuring Current Essay - 26

How Can Payless Company Increase Profits While Ensuring Current Customers are Satisfied - Essay Example The company took a turn in establishing the new image of the luxury in meeting low-end prices. Although the company wants to continue maintaining its image of the low prices, the change mainly within Payless is to create the fashion goods by coming into collision with the designers to hit the marketing niche that was missing for all those years. Although the company is doing excellently on the domestic market, being aggressive on the international market will lead to increased sales and hence income. The company should actively market its products in continents like Asia that has large market base. However, the company should also embrace the domestic market as this can also lead to increased profits and positive publicity to the external markets. The reliance on third parties like New York-based designers like Stacey Bendet, Lela Rose, and Christian Siriano is risky for the company. The company should, therefore, move quickly to rely more on itself for survival. For instance, if the supplier lacks the required law materials necessary, it could harm the company negatively. I, therefore, recommend the company to act quickly into rectifying this weakness. The company should consider changing its name from â€Å"Payless† so that it accommodates other customers with disposable income. Consumers with a large amount of disposable income will not shop there regardless of the fashionable goods found there. Additionally, I don’t believe that it’s any cheaper than the other trendy shops such as Just Call it Spring( subsidiary company of Aldo group). Increased advertisement through social Medias such as Facebook, Twitter, and others in order to keep their customers updated with the latest trends and collections. Social media is a valuable channel for ensuring that the company is maintaining a close relationship with its customers.  

Symbolic interactions on homosexuality-a sociological perspective Research Paper

Symbolic interactions on homosexuality-a sociological perspective - Research Paper Example From the US General Social Record, Smelser (2002) indicates that the debate of homosexuality is not likely to be solved any time soon. An analysis of the questionnaires filled and records of interviews, it is evident, that many people have begun embracing homosexuality as a form of living. The blatant question of whether people of the same sex should marry recorded a tremendous 78% out of the 2000 respondents interviewed by Smelser (2002). These results were categorized on the degree of acceptance, and out of the 78%, majority were those that strongly agreed on homosexuality and legalization. Though Smelser (2002) did not find out the exact reasons why the majority agree to homosexuality, he argues that majority of the respondents were completely sure of their answers. He recommends the use of theoretical approach in an attempt to investigate the reasons behind the rising cases of homosexuality marriages. This case study will undertake a survey of the theoretical approach in an attempt to understand why so many people, especially the youth are violating the rule relating to violation on homosexuality. Among the theories that will put under study are the symbolic interaction theory on social deviance in regard to homosexuality, Kenneth’s labeling theory and the sexual stigma on homosexuality as well as Blumer, Cooley, Mead, and Kinsey’s theories. Survey on the contributions of these theories to homosexuality will be scrutinized at all points of view in an endeavor to find answers on the homosexuality issue. The symbolic interaction theory According to Benard and Mahood (2006), symbolic interaction theory is one of the best approaches in the study of marriages and relationships, especially controversial ones like homosexuality, its causes and effects in the society. A simple description of symbolic interaction theory may be explained as, beliefs that are created in relation to the symbols attached to them. These symbols may range from forms of language, objects, people, and perceptions of people amongst others. The symbolic interaction theory makes an initiative of defining how people shape realities in life and the effect of these symbols in their subsequent life. Ellis (1988) argues that the symbolic interaction theory renders people to attaching various connotations to symbols in the society, ultimately, majority end up acting in accordance to their own prejudiced interpretation of what the symbols mean in their lives. Other people will not undertake research to verify their course of action rather acts on what they think and feel is right. This is evident from the verbal discussions, whereby the uttered words play the role of symbols. Spoken words have specific meanings that are sent to the receivers of the message; the sender hopes that the message that he or she intended to send is received in its totality despite the various barriers to communication. This theory, however, intends to bring to light the fact that human beings are not static and that thy have innate feelings

Pride and Honor in the Time of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Coursework

Pride and Honor in the Time of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet - Coursework Example The sudden, fatal violence in the first scene of Act 3 and the accumulation of violence in the fight between Romeo and Tybalt reminds us that everything is focused on love, conflict, pride, and honor. Romeo and Juliet always occur in a male world in which notions of honor, pride, and the state are likely to erupt in a fury of conflict. Rage and danger in the social environment of the community are tools that Shakespeare uses to emphasize conflict and drama, making the lives of the characters seem even more precious and fragile. For example, compared to the relationship between Romeo and Juliet, the relationship between Romeo and Tybalt represents the brutal world in which their love is doomed. Clashes between Mercutio and Tybalt, as well as Romeo and Tybalt, are chaotic; Tybalt kills Mercutio under Romeo’s arm, flees, and then suddenly and inexplicably returns to fight Romeo, who kills for revenge. The pride and honor of violence are imposed at all times because, in this socie ty, violence is something that is equated with masculine honor. Romeo and Tybalt work to show how pride and honor work as a foil to love and tenderness in Verona society, represented by Romeo and Juliet. This is seen in Verona as a when the unwelcome reality of the society in which they must live rushes in to counteract their positive feelings of the union.  

Crystal Lake Manufacturing A NAFTA Dilemma Essay

Crystal Lake Manufacturing A NAFTA Dilemma - Essay Example The west conquest even helped in finding new places to grow broom corn as it appeared to be very fertile. This finally led to the exportation of both U.S. brooms and making equipment which today can be found worldwide. The U.S. broom industry was very successful until 1994 when foreign brooms were allowed into the U.S., duty free. The largest competitor to U.S. corn brooms is Mexico. The decision taken in 1994 lead in 1996 to a debate regarding the "invasion" of Mexico corn brooms and its disastrous effects on the U.S. broom industry (the loss of 49 jobs over 4 years). Consequently, measures were taken by the President to reinstate tariffs on Mexican corn brooms to give time to the domestic industry to implement adjustments to foreign competition. The main differences raised by this dispute inside NAFTA are the production processes used by both industries. On one hand in 1995, 84 per cent of broom corn brooms were produced using the wire-wound process, which is a very labor intensive process and requires skilled craftsmen. The learning of such a technique in order to be fully proficient may require several years. The other 16 per cent were produced using the nailed-machine method, an automation of the broom production process. The wire-wound process using corn broom is the production process used in crystal Lake Manufacturing.

Ebay Turnaround Strategy Essay Example for Free

Ebay Turnaround Strategy Essay The company known as eBay, which started in 1995, grew significantly within a decade to become the number one e-commerce site in the world by sales revenue. In 2008, Donahoe took over as the new CEO of eBay. This was a time when the company was facing issues with growth and consumer behavior was changing. What used to be a thrilling experience for buyers was now an inconvenient waste of time and money. Consumers who were eager to bid against each other for products online were now satisfied with buying new products at fixed prices. Therefore, ebay’s turnaround strategy was to bring the consumers the best experience to find what they want exactly how and when they want it. Although traditional eBay sellers complained about the difficulty for them to do business profitably with the new strategy, Donahoe believed buyers wanted fixed prices, quick service, and free shipping. I agree with Donahoe’s turnaround strategy because eBay had to focus on the market demands to see growth. Something had to be done in a market where consumers wanted fixed prices and free shipping that they were receiving from companies like Amazon. om. Marketing segmentation is dividing a market into smaller segments of buyers with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors that might require separate marketing and develops profiles of the resulting market segments. Creating applications for smart phones and tablets was a good way to separate a specific department to its customers. For example, the eBay Fashion app allowed users to browse through products from the fashion department. Buyers were able to take time out of their day and make more purchases with mix and match features. Using the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) method, companies like eBay classify all its SBUs according to the growth-share matrix. Market growth rate provides a measure of market attractiveness and relative market share measures a company’s strength in the market. The four types of SBUs are stars, cash cows, question marks, and dogs. Stars are high-growth, high-share businesses like eBay. When their growth slows down it turns into cash cows, which need less investment to hold their market share. Pepsi is a cash cow in the sense that its not growing but it is making large profit in the meantime. Question marks are low-share business units in high-growth markets. A question mark could be a small garage that does car repairs because it has a small market share but a large demand for car repairs. Dogs are low-growth, low-share businesses and products that may generate enough cash to maintain themselves. An example of this would be a small town theatre business.

Criminal Offfences Drug Addiction And Crime Criminology Essay

Criminal Offfences Drug Addiction And Crime Criminology Essay Drugs such as marijuana and cocaine and amphetamines and heroin together with drug-addiction are correlated to crime in a number of ways. Being a criminal offence to use, to be in possession, to produce, or to dispense these drugs, they are categorized as prohibited. The upshots of usage of drugs, including aggression, including robbery to obtain funds to acquire drugs, including aggression against competitor traffickers, affect the society every day and are criminal effects. A number of treatment alternatives are on hand to tackle inmates requirements and conditions in the correctional system. Drug treatment programs in correctional centres most often than not are successful in averting patients going back to unlawful behaviour, but are unsuccessful most often than not if they are not connected to community-centred programs that continue treatment when the patient leaves prison. The most successful drug treatments programs in prison have diminished the re-arrest rate by 25% to 50% ( Belenko 33). The aim of correctional facilities such as prison is twofold; first, it punishes wrongdoers and secondly it rehabilitates criminals and individuals with deviant behaviour. The French philosopher Michel Foucault argued that punishment has changed over a period from instilling discipline in the body to instilling discipline in the soul. The rehabilitation of convicted criminals is an important facet of the contemporary criminal justice system. The criminal justice system nowadays is working to rehabilitate inmates and the prison rehabilitation programs vary in degrees, type, and form from prison to prison. In the past years, rehabilitation was focused straight at reforming the personality of offenders, its aim now is on averting reoffending. Prison program: Drug treatment In a similar fashion, drug Treatment programs in Prison are designed to rehabilitate drug addicts in prison. For instance, the Delaware Model, a continuing examination of wide-ranging treatment methods for prisoners who are addicted to drug abuse illustrates that prison-based treatment programs, work release therapeutic community, community-based aftercare and therapeutic community surroundings included; cuts the chances of re-arrest by 57 percent and cut the odds of relapsing into drugs by 37 percent. One quality essential for successful programs is progressing, wide-ranging aftercare in the society. This decreases the probability that an addict will be detained and found guilty another time (Thomas 16). History of Drug Treatment: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using drug relates to violent crime (statistic) Statistics show that drug addicts are more prone than nonusers to perpetrate crimes, which arrested criminals, are found often to be under the influence at the time they carried out the offence and that drugs breed violence. It is the weighing up the nature and degree of the effects of drugs on criminal activities that necessitate that dependable information about the crime, and the lawbreaker is accessible and meanings of terms be consistent. In the face of challenging data, it is not possible to establish quantitatively the influence of drug addiction on the happening of crime. Drugs are linked to most criminal activities through the outcomes they have on the addicts actions and by breeding violence and other prohibited goings-on associated with drug trafficking. Drug-related crimes and the drug-using way of life play a key part in the U.S. crime issue. More than 50% of arrested criminals in the US test positive for illicit drugs (Thomas 17). According to the same institute, use of and addiction on drug is strongly associated to robbery and assets crime more than it is to violent offences. A majority of addicts carries out crimes to obtain money to purchase drugs. According to the National Institute of Justice, at least 25% of men who carry out acts of domestic violence have drug problems and that drug-addicted women are more prone to suffering abuse (Thomas 18). The 2004 survey of Inmates in State and Federal penitentiaries found out that 32% of State convicts and 26% of Federal prisoners admitted to having committed the crimes they are serving time for under the influence of drugs. In State prisons, drug offenders and property offenders recorded the highest admission rates for being under the drugs influence when committing a crime at 44% and 39% respectively. In Federal penitentiaries, drug offenders (32%) and violent crimes convicts (24%) reported the highest occurrence of being under drugs influence when they committed their crimes. Efforts to prevent drug abuse using retribution systems do not succeed since these attempts do no tackle the multifaceted basis of drug abuse, which start in the milieu of family issues and deviant conduct. Many go to prison. Few reform in prison. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cause Overcrowding in Prison The vicious cycle of arrest, imprisonment, discharge, and re-arrest is very common. As indicated by various nationwide studies, more than half of the prison population test positive for illegal drugs (Taylor et al. 3-4). The U.S. state and federal prisons and jails hold approximately 1.9 million convicts (Beck and Harrison). This means that the major contribution of the high-prison population in the United States is drug abuse. Most of the inmates are finally released from the prisons to go back to the community. However, about six hundred thousand state and federal convicts are nor returning to prison each year. A majority of those returning are drug addicts; therefore, keeping the cycle rolling. Effectively cutting that cycle and related crime is largely dependent on successfully treating drug-abusing criminals. A number of treatment alternatives are on hand to tackle inmates requirements and conditions in the correctional system. One such alternative program is the Drug Courts program. Drug Courts are judicially administered court dockets that deal with cases of nonviolent drug abusing lawbreakers under the juvenile, family, adult, and tribal justice structures. Drug Courts function under a specific mould in which the courts, prosecutors, defence bar, the police, mental health services, community services, and the treatment services work jointly to assist nonviolent lawbreakers find restoration in healing and turn into productive human beings. The essay analyses how the Drugs Courts program can help reduce the number of ex prisoners who are being sent back to prison each year. It also analysis how the program helps reduce the population in the American prisons. The essay su mmarizes the general workings and usefulness of drug courts all over the country and underlines possible concerns and areas where additional study is required. DRUG COURTS In 1989, Florida officials set up the nations pioneer drug court. This unique court was calculated to entrench drug treatment fully into the prison system and the criminal justice system in general. The courts were established for criminals with a past of drug abuse as a measure for their addiction treatment, while concurrently guaranteeing control, and approval when necessary, from the courts. The movement for a different court to rule on drug offenders come about from the swiftly sprouting truth that the nations resolution to tackle drug abuse by employing law enforcement methods would keep on posing considerable problems for the criminal justice system. In 2004, 53% of prisoners incarcerated in state prison were identified as drug addicts or users, but merely 15% were getting professional help (Mumola and Karberg 7). Drug use and addiction linked criminal activities remain an expensive load to the American society, one that most prison drugs treatment programs have failed to halt. In 2001, the bureau of National Drug Control Policy approximated that in 1998 prohibited use of drug cost the exchequer $31.1 billion in criminal justice costs, $30.1 billion in lost output and $2.9 billion in costs connected to property damage and discrimination (Belenko 2). Ever since 1989, drug courts have increased all over the country. Presently, there are more than 1,500 Drug courts functioning in all states. This drug courts are a reflection of the aspiration to change the stress from trying to battle drug crimes by diminishing drugs supply to tackling the demand for drugs by treating drug craving. Drug courts employ the criminal justice system to tackle addiction by the use of an incorporated set of communal and legal services as an alternative to depending on sanctions through imprisonment or probation. In spite of broad signs of drug court efficiency, more than twenty years after the first Drug court a number of questions linger. Since drug courts are planned and ran at the state level, there are deep-seated disparities that make cross-jurisdictional evaluation hard. While the underlying structure may be similar from one program to the next (a diversion program for particular types of low-level defendants who have shown a connection between thei r drug abuse or addiction and criminal acts), protocols for arbitration, detailed selection standards, ways of control and revocation measures do vary radically. The localism that is the system of drug court design makes efforts to make out best practices very hard. Nonetheless, we can make out explicit elements from diverse drug courts that are significant elements for the success of the program. WORKING OF DRUG COURTS Several elements determine the running of drug courts, albeit with disparity based on setting of the defendant population, legal questions etc. Below are a few elements universal to every drug court. Legal Framework There are commonly two approaches for drug courts i.e. deferred/delayed prosecution and post-adjudication programs. In a delayed prosecution, defendants who that meet some particular eligibility prerequisites are sidetracked to the drug court system before pleading to a charge. Defendants are not obliged to plead guilty, and those who successfully see through the drug court program are not further prosecuted. However, if one does not complete the program, he or she is prosecuted. On the other hand, in the post-adjudication approach, defendants are obliged to plead guilty to their charges but the ruling of their cases is deferred or left pending as they take part in the drug court program. Successful conclusion of the program earns the former user or addict in a waived sentence and occasionally an obliteration of the crime and the charges. However, if one does not successfully meet the standards of the drug court, for example, a routine return of drug abuse or addiction, they will be taken back to the criminal court to face the ruling on the guilty plea. Eligibility Criteria Eligibility standards differ from court to court. However, usually defendants have to be charged with being in possession of drugs or a nonviolent crime and must have positively tested for drugs or have proved drug abuse trouble during arrest (Fluellen and Trone 5). For drug courts that get federal financial support, there is a prerequisite to rule out persons with a present or previous violent crime record. However, this barring, whether by the state or federal rules, has been questioned as to whether it truly serves the interest of public safety as it is claimed to serve. Particularly, the classification of a violent crime at times may refer to merely being in possession of a weapon when one was arrested, even if it was not held, wielded, or put into use. In addition, individuals who are at present facing charges for a drug crime may be disqualified from admission into the drug court program owing to a past crime that is completely unrelated. Programming and Sanctions Programs characteristically run for a period between half and one year. However, some addicts stay longer in the program. Addicts and users must see through the whole program phase to graduate. Successful completion is dependent upon staying free of drugs and arrests for a specific period. Participants have to go to regular status hearings in front of a judge alongside judicial and medical staff who screen the development of every person. Sanctions including more court proceedings, drug tests and short stints in jails are enforced for participants who do not comply at the courts discretion. ADVANTAGES OF DRUG COURTS As noted earlier in this essay, the majority of adults and juveniles who are under arrest for criminal activities test positive for illicit drugs. As such, much of crime is drug or alcohol linked. However, imprisoned drug offenders do not obtain the handling they require, and will probably use drugs yet again and execute another crime once they are out of prison. That is where drug courts need arise. Drug courts present a valuable option that blends justice and drug management. Drug addicts who are taking part in a drug court program undergo rigorous drug abuse management, individual case management, substance testing, administration, and supervision. The participants report to recurrently programmed status hearings in front of a judge who is skilled in the drug court programs. Drug courts offer psychological well being treatment, disturbance and family psychoanalysis, and work skills instruction, which assist in ensuring a long-lasting healing from drug and alcohol dependence. Drug courts programs surpass all other approaches that have been employed with drug-using offenders. Drug abuse and criminal activities are significantly diminished in cases where offenders are put through a drug court program. Since the drug court programs assess offenders for substance abuse frequently, data concerning substance abuse by offenders in a drug court program is accessible on a continual basis. The use of drugs by offenders is reduced considerably or eliminated altogether by drug programs nationally, and this in turns has lowered recidivism amongst graduates. Adult drug court programs considerably decrease crime rates by cutting down re-arrest and conviction rates amongst graduates of drug courts a long time after the programs conclusion. Individuals who have graduated from drug courts are, according to recent appraisals, less expected to be re-arrested than individuals routed through other prison mechanisms. Results from drug court assessments show that involvement in drug courts upshots, in fewer re-arrests and re-convictions, or more extended periods between arrests or relapses. A breakdown of study findings from 76 drug courts established that there is a 10% decline in re-arrest, with pre-adjudication courts occasioning a 13% drop in re-arrest (Aos, Miller and Drake 4) Drug courts are very cost efficient. Several fresh studies have demonstrated that saved costs vary from $3,000 to $12,000 per offender (Belenko, 2005, 45). According to Fluellen and Trone (1), depending on the magnitude of a drug court program, the cost saved in some states goes beyond $7 million annually. Many courts are using the drug court mould to repeal driving under the influence and driving while intoxicated cases. This is being done either by employing selected driving while intoxicated courts or by accommodating offenders into conventional grown-up drug courts. Driving under the influence courts are holding offenders responsible for their actions at the same time as treating the fundamental drug abuse issues and stimulating behavioural transformation. Drug courts have also been very useful to juvenile offenders. Lastly, the drugs courts, in addition to saving cost, frees up the justice system and enables their departments resourcefully apportion criminal justice funds. Personnel and services, hitherto used up by the minor and less severe but prolonged drug cases which are now taken care by the drug court programs, are presently concentrated to other serious cases and to criminals who pose bigger threats to the society security and well being. The caseloads taken up by the drug court programs allow more docket time for the justice systems judges and are therefore, on hand for other criminal and civil matters in various jurisdictions. Previously, these serious criminal and civil cases were relegated to inferior precedence owing to drug related caseload. The programs have also freed jail space, and it is now being used to accommodate serious and dangerous criminals or to guarantee they serve their times. After more than two decades of drug courts operation, various studies show that many drug courts reduce recidivism and save the taxpayers funds. Figures from many studies carried out in more than ninety-five courts expose that former offenders who have graduated from drug courts program are re-arrested less than other prison program groups (Belenko, 44). The decline in re-arrest rates is the main contributor to cost-savings reported for most drug courts (Belenko, 44). CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS Studies up to date have been consistently reporting that that drug courts are accomplishing significant benefits. However, there practices, though mostly unfamiliar, which cause accomplishment or breakdown of a drug court. Of huge interest is the argument that drug courts might be escalating the quantity of individuals under arrest for drug crimes, rather than decrease, in the long term, the quantity of individuals who go through the criminal justice system. Studies have not yet zeroed in on the establishment of whether individuals who are taken through drug courts would have ended up in the criminal justice system and consequently into the conventional prison programs if not for the drug court. The use of drug courts should be used in a large scale to solve the twin problem of drugs and crime and that of overpopulation in our prison system.

Why Accounting is highly subjective

Why Accounting is highly subjective Many scholars and theorists have supported the concept of subjectivity in accounting and have also used this concept has an argument against academics that have a different perspective to this concept ¸ who considers accounting to be objective. Morgan argued that accounting/accountants are constructors of reality, subjective (Morgan, 1988, pg. 477) and they produce and represent situations in financial statements with some degree of subjectivity and one-sided ways. This perspective or ideology was further supported by Ruth Hines, a source to the improvement of accounting theory, who used the notion of reality construction to justify her view. She believed that in communicating reality, we construct it (Hines, 1988, pg. 251). Hence, accounting is socially constructed, which means it is concocted by people, individuals or societies at large. However these were views that positivists, David Solomons and Rob Bryer did not support. Bryer used Marxs theory of labour process to argue that objective accounting lies at the core of capitalist control of modern business enterprises (Bryer, 2006, pg. 42). In addition, Solomons had a more radical view by suggesting that accountants should be like journalists (Solomons, 1991, pg. 287). He explains that accountants should be reporting the news as it happens, not build it to be the reality or full picture of an event; but do we know what reality is?, how and when do we know what the true and fair view of an event is without having an historical background?, can we rely on it?. These are views that will also be explored during the course of this evaluation. First of all, what is accounting? The American Accounting Association defines accounting as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information (Porter Norton, 2009, pg. 11). The history of modern accounting dates back to 1494, when Luca Pacioli wrote a book on double entry bookkeeping. During the years that followed, accounting and the accounting profession lacked theoretical knowledge backing them up'(Kyriacou 2010, lecture3, slide8) to decrease ambiguity. Therefore, due to the financial scandals in the 1920s that lead to the great depression at that period, GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) was formed in the in the late 1930s to control and regulate the accounting. Years after GAAP was formed, SSAP2 was formed in 1971 to serve as a directional tool for accounting and the accounting profession with the combination of various concepts and conventions: Going, accruals, prud ence and consistency, realisation, objectivity, materiality, money measurement, entity and duality. However after the ASB review, SSAP2 reduced them to four which formed C.A.P.G (Going, accruals, consistency and prudence). SSAP2 also established more policies on stock, depreciation, assets etc. Despite SSAP2s effort to give meaning to accounting traditions, accounting was still done based on the duality concept because accountants did not know why accounting was practised the way it was. As a result, the notion of a conceptual framework was introduced by the FASB (Federal Accounting Standards Board), to put together various ideas that arose years after the emergence of SSAP2, to give accounting a better understanding. In other words, conceptual framework is basically a big accounting encyclopaedia, where you will find rules, theories, terms and principles that have been drawn together as the years go by, to shape the accounting profession and offer some sought of meaning to accounti ng, as a whole. These Ideas include The Corporate Report 1975, true and fair view, SSAP2, accounting concepts, 1991 Statements of Principle, etc. (Mathews Perera, 1996, 23-30). From history, it is evident that accounting has been shaped by different ideas, images and views over the years by countries, scholars and the society at large. Ideas such as the True and Fair view; which is a fundamental part in accounting and all issued accounts, the suggestion of six additional statements in the Corporate Report 1975 and also the debate between UK and USA on whether it is possible to obtain a conceptual framework, or put theories on events that has already happened hence conceptual framework, which was the suggestion from the UK by professor Macvae. However, these ideas only provide us with diverse standpoints of accounting practices as a whole. Even so, it is palpable that accounting is socially constructed and subjective just like an artist is obliged to produce a partial view of the reality he or she w ishes to represent (Morgan, 1988, pg. 477). All these views, debates and ideologies were all constructed by people for people i.e. accounting bodies to accountants, hence socially constructed. For example, financial statements are constructed by a financial accountant based on his or her view of a company, to an audience that are external. However, the views of such accountant might not be the full picture of the company financial position. As a result of the untrue representation of the financial statements, the outcome becomes highly subjective and relatively a biased observation of reality because accountants arbitrarily combine and define, and add, and subtract things in a different way to the everyday way (Hines, 1988 pg. 254) While positivists such has Solomons suggests that the conception of neutrality ,impartiality, should be fundamental to accounting and that accountants should be unbiased and reporting reality as they see it, it begs the question whether reality can be verified or proved? And as users, should we depend on it without knowing why it is done in such way? That is the reason why unanswered questions like the above make phenomenologists like tinker disagree with the ideas of positivism approach to accounting. They believe that people i.e. accountants are not entirely independent about their opinions and how they view reality as a whole. In addition, Hines said that in communicating reality, we construct it (Hines, 1988, pg.257) and give meaning to it. Consequently, Reality to accountants or in accounting is interpreted differently to non accountants. This is like the relationship between a farmer and a chicken. Reality to a farmer is to kill the chicken for Christmas celebration but for the chicken reality is growing up in the farm and laying eggs. This example therefore shows that reality is interpreted in different ways but due to the fact that accountants are a group with power in the society like the farmer, their construct and make their reality legitimate which we then have to believe and absorb into our own general conception, because they basically shouted the loudest. However, in my opinion, I think reality is out there but because we are limited to following the views and opinions posed in accounting, we wont be able to find reality but instead wait until something bad has happened in the accounting profession just like the financial crisis and failures that took place in big organizations like Lehman Brothers (Swedberg, 2010, 71-114), and question objectivity in accounting. This brings us back to the farmer and chicken illustration. Since the chicken is used to doing the same thing; wakeup, eat, walk around, lay eggs and sleep everyday during the year, such chicken would not know what reality is because the chicken is used to the same way of living but when Christmas comes the chicken gets killed. Then, questions will be asked whether the way the chicken has been living since the beginning of the year is reality or being killed during Christmas? Enough of my chicken illustration and back to my evaluation. In addition financial failures in big organizations have made non-accountants more aware of the significant impact of accounting in their lives and the roles they play to shape accounting. Subsequently, due to the problems in the accounting profession, there have been theoretical frameworks created to provide solutions and discipline in the profession. So what is theory? Theory can be defined as a set of interrelated constructs, definitions and propositions that present a systematic view of a phenomenawith the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena (Kerlinger, 1964, p.11). However, since accounting is a practice based profession unlike science, we can argue that applying theory based system into accounting could be problematic even subjective. This is because acquiring knowledge needed to form theories, comes from different sources, such as; introspecting, ones perception, memory, faith, intuition etc. All of which are all subjective sources. To be able to acquire knowledge, the process of induction is used. The process starts from observation, which is the inductive approach to develop a law or theory. Once the law has been passed, it would then go through the deductive approach were it would be tested. However there have been debates about how theories are generated. Furthermore, some scholars suggested that it is through the inductive approach and others say it is through the deductive approach but because fundamental accounting theories such as fair value and depreciation have all been developed through the inductive reasoning process, it is safe to say that these theories are very subjective. Reason being, not all situations, events or circumstances observed are objective; instead they are prejudiced and give an inaccurate picture of what the observer sees. This therefore reiterates Hiness perception that when we communicate reality, we create it (Hines, 1988, p.g 251). Over the years, the observable fact of ambiguity and uncertainty in accounting concepts has been the topic of debate between accounting researchers. Apart from the notion of reality construction and accounting theory formation, these debates have been centred around the back bone of financial statements: the true and fair view concept. Firstly, what is the meaning of true and fair? , what is the definition of the true and fair view concept in accounting? Websters Reference Library (2010) defines true as conforming with fact; correct, accurate; perfectly in tune (Webster, 2010, pg. (349)). Fair is defined in the concise Oxford Thesaurus (2002) as fair-minded, just, impartial, unbiased, unprejudiced, and honest (Kirkpatrick, 2002, pg. (273)). However, the concept of true and fair view in the accounting profession is releasing all appropriate materials that are consistent with the acceptable accounting principles. However, non-accountants construe the meaning of true and fair to be 100% truth and correct, so whenever statements are signed off with the famous sentence: this statements has been produced with a true and fair view, users of financial statements immediately believe that the accounts produced is the 100% reflection of the companies financial state which has been produced truthfully and correctly. Regretfully, this assumption is not always right because not all companies report their financial state truthfully and correctly which was the case of Enron, were the company had leveraged some it if debts constantly and did not reflect it on their balance sheet before and after it was signed off by the companys auditor, Anderson, under the accounting rules and principles (Thakur, kalra karkun, 2002, pg. 1-5). Therefore this shows that the true and fair view concept was used as a safety net and a pepper spray to blind the users from knowing the full-picture and also used as an excuse for non-compliance. For that reason, I think the vagueness and high subjectiv ity level involved in the true and fair view concept makes it difficult to have a definitive explanation when the accounting definition is unclear even to the professionals themselves, who make sure they avoid explaining the meaning. It is therefore based on ones perspective/interpretation of what true and fair view is thus making accounting very subjective as suggested by Tinker. He said it is impossible to represent financial events without any form of subjectivity in it and ignoring some facts because financial statements are produced based on the accountants opinion or due to influences from different factors (Tinker, 1991, pg. 297-298), for example the Lehman Brothers collapse. In conclusion, even though accounting is regarded or said to be objective and as much as accountants perceive themselves to be positivists, it is evident the profession as a whole is not as objective as we would hope. Furthermore, this evaluation has used various notions to give an explanation the issue of subjectivity in accounting. Firstly, the formulation of the conceptual framework plays a huge part in shaping accounting either through theories or debates, all of which provided accountants with the rules they have to follow. Nonetheless, it is evident that the framework is socially-constructed because it was developed by people for other people i.e. by accountants to the external users. Additionally, the notion of reality construction shows that accounting is subjective because accountants make their reality known by giving it meaning based on their opinion and, everyone else has to follow these common conception. We can also see that knowledge gathering is important when making or formulating accounting theories. It however becomes problematic because the sources used to acquire knowledge during the inductive reasoning approach could sometimes be biased and prejudiced and as phenomenologists suggested, we are part of what is being observed. Whats more, the true and fair view concept in accounting is highly fundamental to published accounts. However, inability to give the concept a definition within the accounting profession and in company law makes it harder to understand even to the professionals themselves. This therefore makes it highly subjective because we as users are left to give the concept a meaning based on our judgement.

Scientist :: essays research papers

Scientists and the products of their work are far from ‘neutral.’ Rather than embodying neutrality, scientists are inextricably connected to the existing distribution of interests and power. White, male scientists over the centuries have attempted to use science as a medium for all their findings, which inevitably support their personal beliefs. In my experience, scientists are extremely intelligent, but particularly one-sided. Hearing the words ‘scientist’ and ‘neutral’ in the same sentence disturbs me--after all, scientists have tried to ‘prove’ an unlimited amount of times that blacks are innately less intelligent then whites, and that women are innately weaker and possess less natural ability in math and science than men do . Ruth Hubbard, in her essay â€Å"Science, Facts and Feminism,† explains that, â€Å"as scientists, our job is to generate facts that help people understand nature. † Webster’s dictionary defines the word scientist as one who studies natural science. Scientists seek knowledge from Mother Nature, which David Barash views as sexist, to understand many things including the certain roles genders play in society. Similar to these science critics, I believe trying to figure out and define roles based on our biological make-up is immoral. It causes conflicts and biases that account for the separation between genders.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hubbard argues that the ideology of woman’s nature that is invoked at these times would have us believe that a woman’s capacity to become pregnant leaves her always physically disabled in comparison with men. This ideology, supported by male scientists, has affected the roles of women in society and the workplace. It hinders women’s access to employment and influences some to believe that their place in society is at home (based on nature). Other scientists have also tried to prove that women’s disproportionate contributions to childcare and homecare are biologically programmed because women have a greater biological ‘investment’ in children then men do. My view on this assumption is that the cause of the disproportionate contributions is psychologically, rather than biologically, determined. Fathers might be more sensitive to their children than mothers, and vice versa, proving that scientists’ point about biological ‘investmentà ¢â‚¬â„¢ is not only obscure, but also invalid. I find no neutrality in that argument, nor in most of their cases. Scientists could be more neutral if they actually tried to provide conclusive evidence for some of their findings. Keller stated, â€Å"The net result is that scientists are probably less reflective of the ‘tacit assumption’ that guide their reasoning than any other intellectuals of the modern age.

The Core Rules Relating to Nursing Practice Essay -- Ethics, Health, Nu

ETHICAL ISSUE Ethics is a philosophic study that examines values, choices, and actions to determine right and wrong. Ethical principles include but not limited to; Justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, veracity. The case study which I am going to discussed in my paper is about an LPN, who was working from 7:00 P.M to 7:00 A.M. And was assigned to five patients, including a patient for whom an obstetrical consultation was needed. The other four patients were essentially stable. At about 4;30 A.M., the LPN became ill and vomited in the bathroom. She immediately went to the nurses’ station notified the other four nurses who were working with her that she was leaving. The charge nurse instructed her to notify the supervisor before leaving, but the LPN did not communicate with the nursing supervisor before existing the facility. The facility notified the LPN that it was terminating its contract with her and reported the LPN to the state board of nursing for abandonment. The board of nursing imposed a $ 1000 penalty for abandoning her patients and suspended her nursing license pending a psychosocial examination. According to The Texas Board of Nursing (BON or Board),† in keeping with its mission to protect the public health, safety, and welfare, holds nurses accountable for providing a safe environment for clients and others over whom the nurse is responsible [Rule 217.11(1)(B)]. Though the Nursing Practice Act (NPA) and Board Rules do not define the term abandonment, the Board has investigated and disciplined nurses in the past for issues surrounding the concept of abandonment as it relates to the nurses’ duty to patient. The Board's position applies to licensed nurses (LVNs and RNs... ... to prevent harm. Nonmaleficence is defined as: The duty not to inflict harm intentionally. Based on my viewpoint, the LPN did not intentionally inflict harm on the patient’s. According to her statement, she became ill and decided to leave the facility and the reason she didn’t communicate with her supervisor was because she was afraid that the supervisor would send her to the emergency center, which she didn’t want to be billed for such a visit. Veracity is defined as truth-telling and based on my point of view, the LPN was not telling the truth, when she testified that she intended to see her family physician early that same morning. It was 4:30 am when she left the facility and there is no way she could have seen her family physician that morning unless she went to the emergency room which she refused to go making her guilty for abandoning her patients.

Students Aims of Academic Studies, and Means of Achieving Them Essay

Parents should encourage teenagers to continue their studies after graduating from school, while they should have academic aims in studying and how to achieve their aims. Academic study is to study at a higher educational institution, university or college, where you get the best education to become a professional in the field that you chose. Students have many aims for academic study which are divided to include their desire or to improve a skill for a future job and maybe to gain more knowledge. Education is important factor to develop ourselves, to achieve success and to build up more knowledge in our lives. Which, it gives us an opportunity to reach what everyone want to be. First, the essay will consider on some aims of academic study and then some ways to achieve them. Students have different perspectives which lead to different aims of academic study. Because of that the ways to achieve their personal aims of academic study, from student to student have difference. In this paragraph we will discuss about three different aims of academic studies. First of all, a few numbers of students have the desire to add a qualification to their lives, while they enjoy learning and improve themselves. Second aim is to develop their talents for a career. The university is the best place to improve the most important skills and talents for your future carrier. To gain skills and grow more talent will make you well-prepared for future career and job. For example, Dahi Khalfan Tamim, Commander of Dubai Police, said in a Meeting of the Council of the Development Training in Dubai police that â€Å"aimed at preparing the police for special employment in the ways to use technology, simulation and 3D video games, to progress the training process to... ... Educational technology has many benefits on teachers and students. They can improve their skills and gain more information from the internet and computers. Many different sorts of educational software are made and available to help educator to learn specific subjects. In conclusion, the great numbers of academic studies aims have differences in meaning to every student. In other words, the countless aims of academic studies should be to prepare for a successful carrier or to add a qualification with all skills and knowledge which are important. Which it brings about to be a skillful and expert in the specialization that you are studying. Finally, the way of achievement changes from student to student because of their different ways of thinking. Having academic aims and to achieve them in your life, it assist you to uncover your personality, strengths and weakness.

All Quite on the Western Front

HIST 234 March 21 All Quiet on the Western Front All Quiet on the Western Front is narrated by Paul Baumer. Paul was only a nineteen year old fighting in the German army on the French front with some of his classmates: Albert Kropp, the clearest thinker among them; Muller, a physics-inclined academic; and Leer, who wears full beard and lusty nature for girls. Their friends include Tjaden, a skinny 19-year-old locksmith who love to eat; Haie Westhus a large peat-digger, also 19; Deterring, a married peasant; and Stannislaus Katczinsky their wise and crafty 40-year-old leader.Page 3 they all joined the army voluntarily after listening to the stirring patriotic speeches from their teacher, Kantorek. But after experiencing ten weeks of brutal training at the hands of the petty, cruel Corporal Himmelstoss and the unimaginable brutality of life on the front, Paul and his friends have realized that the ideals of nationalism and patriotism for which they enlisted are simply empty line. They no longer believe that war is glorious or honorable, because they live in constant physical terror.At the very beginning of the book Erich Maria Remarque says â€Å"This book is to be neither an accusation nor a confession, and least of all an adventure, for death is not an adventure to those who stand face to face with it. It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped shells, were destroyed by the war. † Page 0 This novel does not focus on daring stories of bravery, but rather gives a view of the conditions in which the soldiers find themselves. According to the writer â€Å"no one has the vaguest idea what we are in for. The wisest were just poor and simple people.They knew the war to be a misfortune. † page 11 The monotony between battles, the constant threat of artillery fire and bombardments, the young soldiers struggle to find food and the lack of training of young recruits meaning lower chances of survival. In the novel the author writes â€Å"our early life is cut off from the moment we came here and that without our lifting a hand† page 19. The young soldiers would often look back and try to find explanation but never quite succeed, since they consider themselves young and extraordinary vague because they were in the 20’s they only had their parents and maybe a girl, hich was not consider too much influences. Whereas older men have a strong background that cannot be destroy, they linked to various life for example they had a family, wife, children, occupations, interest and a background which was strong, which means that war cannot destroy their memory of family. During the war soldiers spent their time on the front line, in an infantryman and in front line trenches. The working conditions became very predictable since it was spent mostly in the trenches. Soldiers recall the boredom of life in the dreary, lice-ridden, diseases spreading, muddy and dusty trenches.The writer describe s the unsanitary conditions of life at the front as Tjaden, tired of killing lice one by one, scrapes them off his skin into a boot-polish tin. He kills them by heating the tin with a flame. Haie’s lice have red crosses on their heads, and he jokes that he got them at a hospital where they attended the surgeon general. Paul remembers he and his friends were embarrassed to use the general latrines when they were recruits but now they find them a luxury. With Behm’s death, Paul and his classmates lost their innocent trust in authority figures such as Kantorek.Kantorek writes a letter to them filled with the empty phrases of patriotic fervor, calling them â€Å"Iron Youth† and glorifying their heroism. The men reflect that they once idolized Kantorek but now despise him; they blame him for pushing them into the army and exposing them to the horror of war. They would wake up middle of the night by hearing loud booms. According to Paul he believed that they â€Å"ha ve lost their senses of other consideration because they are artificial since only the facts are real and important to them.Page 21 As Paul sits with Kemmerich who knew his leg has been amputated, he tries to cheer him up, but Kemmerich is convinced he will die, Paul has seen friends die before, but growing up with Kemmerich makes life harder, the orderlies were not helpful, and when they return, Kemmerich has died. Paul collects his things and they remove the body to free up the bed for more wounded. As younger soldiers arrived, Paul and his friends feel like mature veterans. Paul believes every company has one or two resourceful people, but Kat, a cobbler by trade, is the smartest he knows. Page 37.Paul is glad to be his friend, and tells a story to illustrate his strength as a leader. For example Kat, bunking in a small, ravaged factory one night, Kat finding straw for the men to sleep on, and when they are hungry with no food, Kat goes off again and returns with bread and horse- flesh without providing an explanation. page 37 It was assumed that Kat's sixth sense help locating food and his special talent. As men return from the fronts, they see the shells shattered and coffins pilled by the dozens, however they made jokes in order to distance themselves from the unpleasant knowledge that coffin are made for them.Their first front was completely demolished by a direct hit and the second only to discover it has been buried. Captured Russian soldiers, who are reduced to picking through the German soldiers’ garbage for food, which means there might not be any food in the garbage. Food is so scarce that everything is eaten. Looking at the Russian soldiers, Paul can scarcely believe that these men with honest peasant faces are the enemy. Since nothing about them suggests that he is fundamentally different from them or that he should have any reason to want to kill them.Many of the Russians are slowly starving, and they are stricken with dysentery in large numbers. But most people simply ignore the prisoners begging, and a few even kick them. When Paul returns to the front, he finds Kat, Muller, Tjaden, and Kropp still alive and uninjured. He shares his potato cakes with them. There is excitement among the ranks: the Kaiser, the emperor of Germany, is coming to see the army. In preparation for his visit, everything is cleaned thoroughly, and all the soldiers are given new clothes.But when the Kaiser arrives, Paul and the others are disappointed to see that he is not a very remarkable man. After he leaves, the new clothes are taken away. Paul and his friends muse that if a certain thirty people in the world had said â€Å"no† to the war, it would not have happened. They conclude that wars are useful only for leaders who want to be in history books. During the Great War millions men lost their lives in one of the greatest acts of barbarity the world has ever seen. The heroism and sacrifice of troops in the trenches is probably wi thout parallel.The pretexts for execution for British soldiers had a common theme: many were suffering shell shock or now recognized as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Most of those men were young, defenseless and vulnerable teenagers who had volunteered for duty. Millions of men lost their lives fighting for war and millions of men came home without a leg, an arm, or blind, or deaf, or mentally broken due to the things they had to live through in the trenches. Others had their lives cut short through the effects of poison gas, and injuries due to blast, with collapsed lungs.While others came home whole in body, appearing normal, but with such serious nervous and mental conditions that they could not work, and were confined to mental hospitals for the rest of their lives. It should be noted that most, especially on the Allied side, later believed the war to have been worthless. Technological and military innovations such as poison gas, the machine gun, and trench warfare revolutioni zed combat during World War I, and Remarque effectively dramatizes how these innovations made the war bloodier, longer, and more costly.In almost every case, military innovations make the soldiers’ lives more dangerous, while medical innovations lag increasingly far behind. Kemmerich, for instance, dies from complications from a relatively light wound. Glory and patriotism cease to be rational ideals in the conflict because advanced technology limits the effect that an individual soldier can have on the conflict and alienates him from the consequences of his actions. Life and death thus become meaningless.

Oil Production in Newfoundland and Labrador

New plantland and Labrador is the eastern most province of Canada. The volume of the provinces population can be prep atomic number 18 on the island of Newfoundland, as most of the provinces stemma of thrift. As the island is located next to the Atlantic ocean, fisheries and fish products slang been of the main merchandises for the province, just within the last 30-40 old age or so, embrocate has increasingly become an export that contri plainlyes to a growing bucolic economy.Exploration in Newfoundland waters first began in the mid-sixties although, at that place was no rush in finding rock crude rock rock crude fossil embrocate in Newfoundland because at the time, it was some(prenominal) less expensive for embrocate companies to drill elsewhere in the world. Things changed in 1973 when crude crude cover prices increased dramatic each(prenominal)y and the please in the possibility of finding petroleum in Newfoundland also increased. Before either oil was f ound, but exploration was ongoing, the barbarian g overnment of Newfoundland set up a series of regulations on how oil resources were to be developed in the emergence of discovery, to construe the maximization of topical anaesthetic benefits.In 1979, the Hibernia oil sketch was ob attendd, proving that Newfoundland and Labrador had economic potential in the oil industry (Fusco, n. d. ). This discovery meant that the regulations that the barbarian politics created would have to be utilise. The Hibernia oil landing field discovery ignited a series of disagreements between the national authorities of Canada and the provincial authorities of Newfoundland.The federal political relation had their profess goals for instruction and believed that Newfoundland should not have the administrative or decision making regime for seaward mineral resources, stating that oil was similarly important of a commodity to have under provincial control (Crosbie, 2003). This struggle res ulted in years of legal battles over jurisdiction of falseshore projects. In 1985 the Atlantic Accord was signed, this accordance of rights initiated a pronounce oversight system for the provinces offshore resources.The accord also included the creation of the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador seaward oil color Board (CNLOPB), a get on with of six members in charge of managing offshore resources on behalf of both the federal and provincial levels of giving medication (Fusco, n. d. , Fraser, 2009) (See vermiform process A for more(prenominal) information on the CNLOPB). Hibernia fin totallyy began its oil proceeds in 1997 followed by collar more oil field achievements Terra Nova in 2002, uninfectedRose in 2005 and Hebron, which is expected to demoralize labor in 2017 (See Appendix B for a map of the locations of oil fields off the coast of Newfoundland). This case study relates to Lesson 9 of the course, which looks at null resources that could be found in Canada. Cha llenges and Opportunities Nearly twenty years passed later the Hibernia oil field was discovered before any official production was made. This demonstrates the magnitude of difficulty the province of Newfoundland experienced just to begin to have oil as one of their main exports.The regulations that Newfoundland and Labrador had implemented after the discovery of Hibernia clearly conflicted with the plans of the federal government, which were to increase profits that would benefit the government of Canada as opposed to the people of Newfoundland. The government of Canada wanted to gain an equity venture in the project with increased royalties during clock of high oil prices. Newfoundlands regulations also confine benefits for the oil companies that would be drilling in Hibernia stating that the province was asking for too much and that the companies wanted a fair circumstances of the benefits.Another large obstacle and devastating event surrounding Hibernia, was the sinking of the Ocean commando drilling unit, which not however sank completely, undo all the work that had been done but also resulted in the death of all 84 crew members (Collier, 2010). Investigations later revealed that there were construction flaws and that the crew lacked appropriate raising and equipment in the event of an emergency. After this disaster, it was inflexible that Hibernia would be a Gravity mingy Structure (GBS), which is an oil platform that is held in place by gravity.Even more challenges were set about with this decision because many of the engineers that worked on the GBS had little(a) experience in this type of structure. Additionally, collectible to the complicated nature of this project, most of the men came from other countries who had more experience which at long last resulted in less jobs for locals (Fusco, n. d. ). In regards to the purlieu, oil production in Newfoundland waters, although it may serve as economic gold, also accepts the possibility of environmental destruction for the ocean.Since fisheries and fish products ar some of Newfoundlands main exports, the fear that exploration and drilling in important areas of fisheries may interfere or damage the boilersuit marine ecosystem is an important challenge. Furthermore, oil spills underwrite to be one of the oil industrys largest environmental hazards. Not only would the marine ecosystem be affected but any liveness surrounding the ocean would be for good damaged (Higgins, 2011). Despite the overwhelming challenges, the overall opportunities that offshore oil production would bring to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador would be worth all of the difficulties.This venture would serve as a boost in the provinces general economy which was in particular helpful during the 1990s after the cod fishing industry took a dive for the worst (n. a. , 1998 Fisheries). Not only would the economy be benefitting but the local people would also have smart opportunities for e mployment. All of the challenges that the government of Newfoundland faced in the development stages of this venture ultimately gave the government the experience it needed in sound out to maintain, control, and manage all future oil field developments.This can be seen in the quick and effective development of the Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields. There are other issues surrounding the Hebron field, for example, the type of oil that is found in that location is particularly difficult to extract. These issues are part of the antecedent as to why oil production at Hebron is scheduled to only begin in 2017 (Fusco, n. d. ). Case Lesson Connection In Lesson 9 of the course, it is discussed that crude oil and petroleum contributes to about 31. 3% of the countrys energy resources (Mulrennan, Lesson 9, gliding 7).Although Alberta has about 39% of Canadas remaining formal oil reserves, Newfoundland and Labrador offshore developments come blurb with 28%, not including the oil smooth in Alberta, which in that case would method of accounting for over 95% of oil in Canada (National Energy Board, 2007). The case study which was examined in Lesson 9 looked implicitly at oil sands in Alberta, in particular, how the bloodline of this type of oil is devastating for the environment. ripening in Newfoundland is also not environmentally friendly, since drilling in the ocean results in the destruction of certain marine habitats.The curse of possible oil spillage that also continues to be an issue. However, both Alberta and Newfoundland and Labrador have been operative to tighten regulations surrounding the environmental hazards in oil sands and offshore oil production respectively. The Alberta government has demonstrated by means of the implementation of regulations and outlined plans for measures in protect the environment, as well as the CNLOPB in Newfoundland who have also instilled regulations in regards to environment protection.The benefit of having a joint ma nagement system, such as the CNLOPB is that the federal government is as involved in all issues surrounding offshore oil, including the environment (Fraser, 2009). Similarly, as per the reading for Lesson 9, the responsibility of the federal government in pollution control and environmental protection is crucial in attaining results on a national level. References 1. Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board. http//www. cnlopb. nl. ca/ 2. Collier, K. (2010). The loss of the Ocean Ranger, 15 February 1982.Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web site. http//www. heritage. nf. ca/ party/ocean_ranger. html 3. Environmental Defence (2010). trade calls Federal responsibility in Canadas oil sands. Pembina Institute and Equiterre. http//www. econcordia. com/courses/environmental_issues/lesson9/PDF/ed-fedpolicy-report-oct2010-web-redo. pdf 4. Crosbie, J. C. (2003). Overview paper on the 1985 Canada-Newfoundland Atlantic Accord. Royal Commission on novelty and Strengthening o ur Position in Canada. 206. Retrieved from http//www. exec. gov. l. ca/royalcomm/research/pdf/Crosbie. pdf 5. Fusco, L. (n. d. ). Offshore oil an overview of development in Newfoundland and Labrador. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved from http//www. ucs. mun. ca/oilpower/documents/NL%20oil%207-25-1. pdf 6. Fraser, G. S. (2009). The Canada-Newfoundland Atlantic Accord implementation act enhancer of the environmental management of offshore oil and gas industry. Marine Policy. 33(2), 312-316. http//0-dx. doi. org. mercury. concordia. ca/10. 1016/j. marpol. 2008. 07. 012 7.Higgins, J. (2011). anele and the environment. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web site. http//www. heritage. nf. ca/ gild/oil_environment. html 8. House, J. D. (2003). Myths and realities about petroleum-related development Lessons for British-Columbia from Atlantic Canada and the North Sea. Journal of Canadian Studies. 37(4), 9-34. http//0-search. proquest. com. mercury. concordia. ca/docview/20355 6887? accountid=10246 9. National Energy Board. (2007). Canadian Energy Review 2007 Energy Market Assessment. http//www. neb. gc. a/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/nrgyvrvw/cndnnrgyvrvw2007/cndnnrgyvrvw2007-eng. htmls4_4 10. n. a. (1998) Fisheries. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website. http//www. heritage. nf. ca/ ships company/fishery. html 11. Mulrennan, M. E. (2013). Canadian Environmental Issues (GEOG 203) Lesson 9. Concordia University. Appendix A CNLOPB Organization Chart http//www. cnlopb. nl. ca/pdfs/orgchart. pdf Appendix B Location of Newfoundland oil fields http//www. cbc. ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/ invoice/2012/05/31/nl-hebron-development-approval-531. html

Dutch Disease

(1. What is meant by the term? ) Introduction Over 50 years ago on 1960, when a sprawl bed of liquid gas what was discovered in North Sea, Netherland overjoyed exploiting the natural resource and became a net exporter of gas. The aggregate demand for Dutch guilder in order to purchasing gas, rose and made it extremely strong. It left a lot of currency to a level the manufacturing export was no longer competitive.To begin, low let us examine the indicators of the disease.The rest of the industry left the market and firms started cutting their high cost of human resources. Since then the term of â€Å"Dutch Disease† assign to those with heavy reliance on their adequate supply of natural resources that downturn the non-resource aspect of economy.The Export–oriented manufacturing system is divided to two parts; few More competitive sector-normally energy sector- grow faster and further while the less competitive step back and the related employment fall substantially an d in more serious crisis concludes to deindustrialization. Both mentioned event are correlated with exchange rate development.It might how have set up.

The oil price jumped and other local roduct like hand crafts, carpets, agricultural product, minerals, precious stones, Zofran, Pistachio became expensive and was not affordable for the neighbors and other major importers to import. Such small industries never sustained in the market and some of them wiped out. Iran became the largest importer of rice, wheat, carpets. That took many jobs and money out of economy.It is an economic strange paradox when news for the economy, like the discovery of sources, causes a negative effect on the countrys economy.In both situations, their intake of money from oil exportation is huge. It strengthens the Ruble wired and impact the export revenue as a whole. Besides pouring unmanaged wealth problem, the direct investors intend to invest in mines and oil/gas wells and rigs or take over the related companies (direct investment). Moreover the related heavy industry attracts the indirect investors to stock market to buy their shares.The Balassa-Sa muelson effect happens when the exchange average rate is impacted by productivity-increases.

Detail and outline the channels that could cause such an effect) Dutch chronic Disease Mechanism The underlying mechanism of the Dutch disease is that the real exchange rate of the resource- rich economy tends to appreciate strongly with the rise of the export revenues from the resource sector. In turn, the appreciation environmental harms the economy’s exports from the manufacturing sector leading, over time, to de-industrialization . Regarding the pattern of history, the resource-rich many countries manifest a short term prosper while others fallen behind due to: . Natural Resource scientific discovery and exploitation 2.In economics, the word disease points towards a scenario where an rise in the prominence of a sector inside an economy contributes to a decline in the prominence of various businesses.Resource price artificially inflate the hard currency 2. Run up in commodity price 3. Losing price competition in market 4. Become weak in scale manufacturing sector 5.Th e spike in petroleum industry resulted in the decrease of exports.

Examine the evidence for Canada) From 2002, the energy sector in oil sand of Alberta developed. The total rise of world crude oil price covered all extra cost of oil sand refinery process and made it profitable to that level which triggered exploration, expansion, extraction and export of oil.Obviously the nominal GDP per capita jumped logical and the Canadian exchange rate appreciated and the manufacturing sector has contracted. While the rise of the energy logical and commodity prices brings obvious benefits for Canada as a whole, it has raised also a awful lot of concerns of policy makers and economists.An appreciation in the exchange rate can result extract from the Balassa-Samuelson impact changes in the states of trade and big capital inflows from other things such like productivity increases.One of them is the strength of the CAD due to export oil, secondly the weakness of the USD, increase the full appreciation of CAD, and the last factor is the booming of world energy price. Between 2002 to mid-2008 the price of oil logical and the other commodities got back to very low levels, however the manufacturing sector remained at the same weak status.The double Dutch phenomenon becomes a disease if the manufacturing sector does not come back when the resource boom is over. (4.Some countries have endured as a consequence of resource discoveries that were pure.

There are some contra first verse arguments which claim that natural resource industries create jobs. Strong currency brings significant growth. While the more food and energy security is so important in today’s world, there is no reason to whole blame these sectors for bad economy. Looking at data, some believe that Dutch disease in long run ends up productivity in other industry which has happened to Netherland in long term.Many nations have got into problems.Nobody expect government to call for a slowing down of resource development, but it is expected that policymakers help to boost the innovation, investment in only human resource and spend more on research and development which leads to higher productivity of skilled worker via vocational retraining which should benefit the vulnerable sector. Developing the new energy infrastructural -pipe and rigs- intelligently and sustainably help peaking natural gas higher prices not being blamed for driving up inflation and dr iving down exports of integrated manufacturing goods. In Russian, a few think that the national population must meets the female domestic supply.They claim that they are not that much depends on export revenue.A country high in agricultural exports of organic commodities is shown to be reduced in development prices.

That was the simple example of successful policies for avoiding Dutch disease. Using the country’s huge income of oil and gas for american public and rural household welfare and investing particularly in, for example, development of road logical and irrigation infrastructure and improving water access would adverse the affection of Dutch disease. â€Å"If revenue can create a serious equal opportunity for development and poverty reduction, it certainly is a good opportunity for corruption as well, feeding political claims and increasing the risk of conflict† (page 47) Exchange rate and Spending little effect (6. ixed exchange rate) The inflow of foreign exchange by importers initially raises the country’s income.America has come a long way.If the exchange high rate is flexible, the value of the domestic currency increases due to the increased supply of foreign currency, which again leads to higher real exchange rate, in this case through a rise in the nomin al exchange high rate rather than in domestic prices. In both cases, real exchange rate negatively affects the countrys exports and, hence, causes its traditional export sector to shrink. This entire making process is called the â€Å"spending effect. † †¢Corden, W.The supply of wealth might be uneven.

1982. Booming Sector and De-Industrialisation in a Small more Open Economy.The Economic Journal, 92 (368) pp. 825-848.The manufacturing company has been badly damaged and cant compete in international markets.Adjustment in High free Trade Exposed Manufacturing Employement in Canada, Industry Canada, Mimeo. †¢http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2003/03/ebra.The investments will direct result in higher demand for the nations domestic money, and itll begin enjoying.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Cam) Essay

complemental and alternate(a) medicate (CAM) includes a innovation of interventionsfrom reading and victualsetic paraphernalias to filter c atomic subjugate 18 strategies, biofeedback, and acupuncture. These therapieswhich numerate from mevery distinguishable disciplines and traditions atomic amount 18 in the main con slopered to be pop out grimace(a) the solid ground of naturalized c atomic number 18 for. When social function in confederacy with established medicament, they ar referred to as completing color when utilise kinda of naturalized medicinal drug, they be referred to as option. In the get together States today, round 75% of commonplacewealth with MS ingestion unity excogitate or opposite of CAM, loosely in faction with their convinced(p) MS handlings. ar CAM Therapies reliable to expenditure? legion(predicate) mass drug abuse CAM because they cerebrate that whateverthing sell oer-the-counter(prenominal) at a apothecary s shop or wellness fodder hold on is sound and harmless. However, hostile established aesculapian examination checkup manipulationswhich atomic number 18 well time- submitouted and c befully set by the U.S. food and drug cheek well-nigh CAM therapies fool undergone rattling little, if either, scientific study. So almost whitethorn be whole golosh plot others whitethorn rattling crease material gosfor example, by producing just position vex or interacting negatively with other medications a soulfulness is winning. Fortunately, a gr consumeer suit is straight off organism do to bring modalitys to estimate the sentry duty and authorisation of miscellaneous types of CAM. w presentfore is Controlled clinical Studies So big?C arfully-designed clinical trials be the dress hat focus to curb whether a interference is skilful and impelling. present ar the reasons why * Because the flux of MS is variable, and each(prenominal) sou lfulnesss symptoms turn tail to herald and go in an episodic guidance, the plainly focussing to find out the durability of a intervention is to test it on a gigantic number of stack. * Because most(prenominal) sight disregarding of the disease they retain provide shake up a backupive retort to some(prenominal) rawly dis descent they get word ( counterchange surface if its an idle warmness or placebo), the strong suit of a new sermon rouse nonwithstanding be turn out by fuelvass it to a placebo or to some other discourse that has already been shown to be powerful. * Because every give-and- proceeds carries with it the risk of expect and unlooked-for side personal effects, the lone(prenominal) way to try a crossments prophylactic is to evaluate it in a enormous number of mint over a adapted plosive of time.Recommended Guidelines to hail hatful who ar considering development a CAM therapy should withdraw the hobby questions* What doe s the discourse admit?* How and why is it wholeeged(a) to naturalise?* How effective is it?* What ar the risks?* How a good deal does it make up?The answers to these questions sack serve a mortal considering a CAM therapy to believe the bene matchs against the risks. For those who regulate to go in front with the CAM therapy, here argon some good, common star urgeations get your medico certified near everything you are taking. non manduction this consequential cultivation is well-wornized petition your cook to treat you coverand go throughledgeable everything you are taking lead al first-class honours degree in your recompense to warning device you to practical side effects or drug interactions. wear outt fling ceremonious therapy. The interventions your medical student prescribes for you are the ones that redeem been evaluated in minceled clinical trials or recognised by the MS medical confederacy as expert and effective therapies. So cheque with your ordained intercessions even if you square up to join on CAM to your treatment protrude. enter the experience. discover a detailed lumber of what you strike or what is through and any changes you experience. crack out These complemental Approaches to physiological health and steamy eudaimonia * victuals and fodderAlthough dissimilar furthermostes turn over been promoted to recover or control MS, no victuals has been proven to modify the course of MS. MS specialists press that pack derive the analogous towering fiber, low change diet that is remembered for all adults. * utilization knead offers legion(predicate) benefits for spate with MS. In accessory to up(p) your boilers suit health, aerophilic serve rationalizes labor and improves vesica and intestine function, strength, and mood.stretch elaborates reduce cogency and attach mobility. The physicial healer bay window recommend an exercise plan to fit your abilities an d limitations. * melody careThe kinship amongst distort and the aggression or fall of MS is far from undecidedand contrary types of tenseness take care to affect divergent people in polar ways. besides none of us tincture our trounce when were accentuateed, so its of the essence(predicate) to find the stress management strategies that hit crush for you. * acupuncturestylostixis is finding its way into Hesperian medicine, with studies suggesting mathematical benefits for a colossal range of problems. interpretation of terms1. selection medicines is any praxis that is tramp ship as having the improve effects of medicine, just now is not found on leaven self-possessed with the scientific method. typically not interrupt of stodgy treatment, selection medicine is usually found on tradition, opinion in marvelous energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, or fraud. choice therapies escape scientific validation, and their potence is either unproved or disproved. The treatments are those that are not embark on of the ceremonious, science-based healthcare system.2. complemental medicines is treatment and medicine that you use in concomitant to your remediates standard care.3. dietetic Supplements dietetical supplements are substances you eat or drink. They raft be vitamins, minerals, herbs or other plants, amino group acids (the individual edifice blocks of protein), or move of these substances. They suffer be in pill, capsule, tablet, or facile form. They supplement (add to) the diet and should not be considered a switch for food. immenseness of CAM in clinical chemists perusing CAM is key in clinical pharmacy since it is interested with drugs. If you give birth a long-suffering who does CAM system, therefore you fit be awake(predicate) of dos and takets so you mess perform a better diligent counseling. Since CAM is not suggested, only when at least you know it, therefore you cr apper support your patients regarding that.Situational analysis lecturing to your specify around risks and benefits of antonymous color and alternative medicine figure with your established medical define to protagonist you make as sured decisions regarding complementary and alternative treatments. as yet if your twist around placet recommend a particular(prenominal) practitioner, he or she can help you earn potential risks and benefits in the lead you try a treatment. Its in particular beta to engage your reconstruct if youre pregnant, live medical problems or take prescription(prenominal) medicine medicine. And acceptt stop or change your conventional treatment such(prenominal) as the battery-acid of your prescription medications without talking to your doc first. Finally, be sure to time lag your doctor updated on any complementary and alternative therapies youre using, including herbal and dietetical supplements.